This work has been achieved with the support of a great number of individuals. Firstly, I thank Almighty God for keeping me alive throughout the time of production of the report. Secondly, I would like to thank my family for their great support in providing humble time and encouragement to go ahead in studies. I am also grateful to the Sorbonne University department of Applied Economics for allowing me to proceed with the master’s program and providing different support. I also acknowledge my supervisor, Mr Mohamed Kayal, for guidance and programmed instructions that he gave me. In addition, I am grateful to the management of Yas Healthcare clinic for openness and patience and their work in creating the work environment enjoyable. Finally, it is to thank my colleague nurses who provided support and gave me humble time to generate a report by executing their work efficiently.

Abstract

Yas Healthcare is a private medical facility founded in 2014 in Abu Dhabi as a subsidiary of DAS Holding company. The institution offers a wide variety of medical services such as laboratory services, radiology services, modern surgery (MRI), children’s health, women health, fatal maternal medicine, dental services, cardiology (healthy heart), diabetes and endocrine disorders, digestive as well as liver diseases, family medicine clinic, Otolaryngology, Osteoporosis, Orthopedics, Urology, Dermatology Services, Physiotherapy, Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, and Ophthalmology Service. Currently, the company has 27 employees with specialists in each department. The report herein is to present the activities that the author does at Yas Healthcare Clinic and its compatibility with the master’s program in health economics. The author is currently an employee of Yas from 2014 as a Nursing Director and Infection Control Officer.This report is divided into four chapters as follows; Chapter one presents the general information of the report history of Yas Healthcare, organizational structure, vision and mission as well as core values of the institution and products and services provided, objectives of the report, methodology used to succeed and the skills and competencies of the student. Chapter two is divided into two parts; Part One discusses the general information pertaining to the author’s skills and competencies as well as general duties and responsibilities according to her position held at Yas Healthcare. Chapter three presents the relationship between nursing and economic theory and compatibility of health economics to the nursing field by reviewing various literature and theories. Chapter four discuss the summary and conclusion of the report.

CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF THE REPORT

1.1 Introduction

This section covers the description of Yas Healthcare centre, which is the current place of work, its organizational structure, vision and mission, functions and its services provided. The objective of the chapter is to present a logical sequence of how the objectives of the report were achieved.

1.2 Background of Yas Healthcare

Yas Healthcare was established in 2014, first as a DAS Holding’s subsidiary. DAS Holding Inc. is the leading most dynamic investment company in UAE recognized because of its innovativeness as a business incubator and has earned an unsurpassed reputation due to its quality and professionalism. DAS is a conglomerate of several subsidiaries across different industries with a wide range of products and services. Each of the subsidiaries is well supported by a strong global network of associates and partners.

Yas Healthcare provides a wide range of services to its clients including laboratory services, radiology services, modern surgery (MRI), children’s health, women health, fatal maternal medicine, dental services, cardiology (healthy heart), diabetes and endocrine disorders, digestive as well as liver diseases, family medicine clinic, Otolaryngology, Osteoporosis, Orthopedics, Urology, Dermatology Services, Physiotherapy, Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, and Ophthalmology Service. Currently, the company has 27 employees with specialists in each department.

1.2.1 Vision Statement

To be the leading healthcare provider in Abu Dhabi that best understands and serves the medical needs of the patients in a friendly and ethical environment.

1.2.2 Our mission

To make YAS healthcare the preferred destination for the patients by delivering top quality medical services, through a highly skilled professional team while consistently fulfilling their brand promise, YAS healthcare: the ethics of healing.

1.3 Organization’s Values

1.3.1 Service

Yas healthcare believes in providing exceptional services to the patients by putting the needs of the patients first. Good customer service is a very important retention strategy for customers and enables them to realize the value of their money.

1.3.2 Trust

The company trust from its customers to work committed to ethics, privacy, and accountability. This is a very important brand asset for an organization as it helps in maintaining a business-customer relationship.

1.3.3 Attitude

The company displays a positive attitude by focusing on kindness, compassion, and empathy to the patients under their care and anyone they interact with.

1.3.4 Respect

The company respects the dignity of every individual and celebrate the diversity of the communities they serve. Mutual respect maintained reduces stress during service delivery and make customers satisfied with the service provided.

1.4 Organizational Structure and Description of some Employees

1.4.1 HR and Administration Department

Human Resource and Administration officer is the head of Yas Healthcare and is in control of the institution. The responsibilities include the following; providing overall guidance as well as leadership in Yas on such issues as recruitment and orientation of new personnel, personnel data maintenance, leaves and other requirements in accordance with Yas guidelines; coordination of development as well as reviewing and signing off HR strategy and important policies such as workplace policy and gender and diversity policy; ensuring that there is good workplace communication and proper understanding of policies regarding employment, benefits with respect to employment, adherence to Yas’ rules and values and providing guidance on managing personnel grievances; use mentoring techniques to strengthen the functioning of human resource such as accountability, roles of line management, performance management framework and training and development of staff.

1.4.2 Biomedical Department

Biomedical engineers are professionals that provide analysis and designs solutions biology and other medical problems. At Yas clinic, these professionals do system and product designs like artificial internal parts as well as other artificial parts that replaces parts of the body, and even designing the machines required to diagnose problems related to medicine; carry out installation, adjustment, repair and maintenance as well as providing support to biomedical equipment; evaluation of efficiency, safety and effectiveness of equipment used in the hospital; and providing training to hospital technicians on how to use biomedical equipment properly; records maintenance regarding the condition of the machine; and prepares quotations for tender for purchase of machines.

1.4.3 Quality Assurance Department

Quality assurance managers carry out very important tasks in a hospital environment as far as the quality of products is a concern and meets the acceptability threshold. The quality manager plans, coordinates and/or direct programs related to quality and come up with quality control policies. Another purpose of quality manager at Yas Healthcare is to check on the efficiency of the organization and give improvement proposals while increasing profitability by reduction of wastes. Among the duties and responsibilities expected from quality manager are providing oversight of the process especially on the rules and regulation regarding both internal and external environment such as checking quality against publications by international organization for standardization; provide leadership and supervise the team that assesses the product’s and service’s quality from its production stages; train employees on quality assurance and ensure that the staff becomes aware of the quality standards; input management that involves working with suppliers in ensuring the medicines purchased are quality and good for consumption by the patients; data analysis hence require strong quantitative skills that help them review statistical data from the service in order to check against the standards, therefore, control quality problems.

1.4.4 Finance and Accounting Department

The healthcare business requires skilled delivery of cost-effective medical services. Finance managers in a healthcare centre make a great contribution to the growth and even the success of an institution by playing the role of financial oversight. The finance manager at Yas Healthcare play the following duties; reviewing of contracts, provide financial reporting and its analysis, prepares budgets and evaluation of compensation benefits, making a viable investment decision, plans strategies regarding management of cash and goal implementation. The typical financial manager function at Yas is the oversight of financial reporting and provision of financial supports to a different department within an organization. He is the one developing the short-term, medium-term and long-term objectives that an organization targets to achieve at the end of each accounting cycle with regard to developed policies and strategic plans. Since financial managers at the healthcare facility are professionals in healthcare finance, they ensure the maintenance of clear communication and reviews financial reports as well as ensuring that tax laws and other governmental regulations are complied with. In addition, the finance manager supervises the junior staff in the finance department.

1.4.5 Nursing Department

Nurses are professionals who work in a hospital, home nursing and other healthcare centres. At Yas, this department run under the Director of Nursing and Infection Control Officer. Nursing director works in a management position and therefore expected to deliver vital decisions in order to offer appropriate assistance to patients and general duties that include the following; management of staff; managing cases; planning treatment of patients; recruiting new staff into the hospital; carry out budgeting of the department; scheduling of timetables and staff; plan discharge programs; mentor the staff; develop educational plans and manage patients’ records. This is why the directors of nurses are needed to have strong communication as well as leadership skills. As nurses are involved in most hospital operations, nurses at Yas Healthcare are committed to adept resource and personnel coordination that help the organization to meet its objectives. The division paly the following roles in ensuring achievement of the highest standard of nursing practice;

Administration and management of nursing and nursing services
Coordinate and supervise the medical nursing services, surgical services, and the specialized services provided by nurses
Recruit, deploy and preceptor new nurses
Build capacity for nursing staff as well as ensuring skill development
Coordinating and collaborating healthcare services
Advocating for timely interventions as well as ensuring safe care
Management of assets within the division
Developing and controlling the budget for the nursing division
Coordination and facilitation of research and innovation for nursing
Train students for nursing and other professionals from any other clinical field
Guiding the top management about the nursing practice
Determination and maintenance of high standards concerning the nursing practices
Offering counselling services to patients and families
Offering artificial feeding services
Management of wounds
Administration of therapeutic medicine
Ensure maintenance of discipline and professionalism as well as ethics in the department
Identifying and providing reports on medical errors for follow up and necessary actions to be taken

1.5 Methodology

To realize that the intended objectives of this report are achieved, several methods have been applied out of which the most important are highlighted below.

1.5.1 Observation

Observation is a method of learning without taking part in the activities of the company. This enables an individual to develop a systematic procedure to be applied in the field. In addition, it enables him/her to experience the functioning of the company. However, the author, in this case, is an existing employee of the company hence used observation in areas in the functioning of other departments.

1.5.2 Interview

The interview is a learning technique that enables the student to develop a wide range of skills such as listening skills, note-taking and ability to obtain and share information. Some leaders of departments are consulted to obtain relevant information, especially on the cost of equipment and drugs as that is the area of interest in health economics.

1.5.3 Documentation

It is essential for a nurse to do documentation in order to keep good clinical communication. Documentation provides an appropriate and accurate assessment of nursing, clinical state changes and information pertinent to the patient in order to give support to the multidisciplinary team. This documentation helps an individual to know as well as develop practical skills during the course of work.

1.6 Hospital SWOT Analysis

1.7.1 Strengths

Yas Healthcare has good infrastructure, well-equipped ambulance services to make smooth service delivery, new and latest equipment installed in the institution, strategically located that attracts a lot of clients, employed full time certified physicians which have made it a leading healthcare organization in the medical industry.

1.7.2 Weaknesses

The institution does not have all the equipment to handle noninvasive procedures in the cardiology department. Yas also charge a higher hospital rate as compared with its competitors even though they offer quality services. In addition, the facility has a small parking space.

1.7.3 Opportunities

The healthcare facility can gain more clients by reducing the cost of the services offered as well as improving the infrastructure. The hospital facility also can expand its business by opening up branches across Abu Dhabi and the rest of the world. In addition, Yas healthcare should seize an opportunity to offer specialized communication with clients through online platform.

1.7.4 Threats

Every institution has threats that could undermine their achievement of set objectives, and Yas is not an exception. A private medical organization faces a threat when competitors offer a more comfort zone to the clients. Also, poor economic conditions in a country is a threat to Yas Healthcare facility. Additionally, the growth of public hospitals that charges a small medical fee is also a threat to a private medical facility.

CHAPTER TWO

PART ONE: SKILLS HIGHLIGHT

2.1 Introduction

This chapter gives a report of investigation on general tasks as well as performed activities covered during the execution of the work and the outcome by first assessing her skills and competencies. Most medical programs, especially on an advanced level like masters, requires students to present their professional report and especially those currently working. Even though nurses are required to hold their internship in a medical setting, health economist also needs to have a medical foundation. The general observation by health economist is the analysis of health care cost, which involve investigation of how resources are used in a hospital as well as distribution and maintenance of occupational health in healthcare. The skills and experience of the author are highlighted below.

2.2 Skills and Competencies of the Intern

2.2.1 Professional Summary

Carla Rizk is an enthusiastic, compassionate nursing professional with more than ten years of experience as a Registered Nurse. She has an in-depth knowledge of communicating and collaborating with patients, families, physicians and other health careprofessionals in achieving quality inpatient care. She has obtained licences as follows;HAAD License Nurse (September 2014), ACLS Certificate February (2016), Advanced infection control Certificate (Sep 2015), Fire Safety Certificate (Sep 2015), Basic Life Support (BLS), Certification September 2014 to present, GCP Training 2012 and Anesthesia &Reanimation Certificate (2005

2.2.2 Highlights of Skills

Health and wellness expertise
Skilled cardiac care nurse
Skilled Oncology Nurse
Strong medical ethics
Enthusiastic caregiver
Trained in- and out-patient care
Wound cleaning/care expertise
JCI accreditation
Infection control standards expert
Medical clinical procedures comprehension
Talented in minor surgery assistance
OR experience
Clinical research
Clinical trial
Digital Marketing
Microsoft excel
Flowsheet charting
IV drug therapy management

2.2.3 Professional Experience

Nursing Director & INFECTION CONTROL OFFICER
September 2014 to Current
YAS HEALTHCARE – ABU DHABI, UAEEnsure the highest standard of clinical care is maintained, responsible for the management of the nursing unit, serves as leadership for staff, collect, analyze & interpret infection control data & notifying HAAD about the reportable disease.

OR NURSE
February 2012 to August 2014
HAZMIEH INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL CENTER – BEIRUT, LEBANON
Managing the nursing care of the patient, assessment of vital signs and overall patient status and initiation ofmanagement, leading to their improvement, administration of drugs by all appropriate routes.

CLINICAL STUDY COORDINATOR
May 2011 to June 2014

Clinical Trial Sanofi – BEIRUT, LEBANON
Doing patients tests, completing ECRF according to completion guideline & follow up on patients, reporting a seriousadverse event to the safety department, assisting in patient’s screening, allocation of the drug through IVRS/ IWRS.

ONCOLOGY NURSE
January 2010 to January 2012
MIDDLE EAST HOSPITAL- BSALIM – BEIRUT, LEBANON

PRIVATE NURSE
February 2007 to September 2009
Royal Family KSA – RIYADH, KSA

Registered Nurse in CCU/ CSU
July 2004 to February 2007
MOUNT LEBANON HOSPITAL – MOUNT LEBANON, LEBANON
Receiving critical cases of cardiac disease, post angioplasty, post coronary, infarcts and post-open-heart patients, intubated patients.

2.2.4 Education and Training

Masters in Health Economics, Sorbonne University, Current

The license in Nursing: Registered Nurse, 2004
National Institute of Nursing – Beirut, Lebanon

2.3 Position Occupied in the Institution

The author is a Nursing Director & Infection Control Officer, generally preventing, investigating, monitoring and reporting the spread of diseases as well as supervising patients’ care in the hospital. With the increase in population, a lot of travel across the world and changes in the climate, there has been a high case of emerging spread and re-emerging infections among the people. This is why the emergency department was created at Yas.

2.3.1 General Duties and Responsibilities

Direct and play an oversight role over all nursing personnel within the institution.
Setting both objectives and long-term goals for the department of nursing at Yas.
In charge of controlling budgets and monitoring expenditures of the department.
Recognition of Infectious Disease
Coming up with strategies and action plans that control and prevent infectious diseases
Data collection and analysis on HAIs incidence and whether there is success or failure in the prevention strategies
Investigating possible disease outbreaks and providing measures to curb it.
Development of program goals and objectives as well as strategies and methods of study about healthcare
Designing and implementing the studies from research that help an institution in the use of both information and available resources in an effective manner
Direct and lead the plans that calculate the various healthcare-related cost and advising the concerned parties accordingly
Program utilization of research topics on economic topics dealing with health
Provide suggestions on the outcome of health for treatment and prevention of certain health issues arising from or outside an organization
Carry out the evaluation on existing as well as the strategies proposed and make interpretation of findings
Pro-actively identify opportunities for assessment of market by the institution by focusing on effective planning and development of proposals that are financially sound
Participate in effective allocation and deployment of the company’s resources that include people, projects, investment and other activities in Yas
Make a presentation to the concerned internal audiences on results on economic assessment
Contribute to academic literature, reports and presentation based on research findings with a view to updating the arising issues and solutions
Budget management and estimation of cost according to the planned objectives
Management of business relationships among all stakeholders including customers, doctors and patients.
Online marketing
PART TWO:Specific Roles and Research

2.4 Introduction

This chapter discusses roles and responsibilities played in each department as a director of nurses and also as a nurse. The nursing department comprises of various nursing specialists working for different department. These include surgical nurses, radiology nurses, paediatrics, cardiology nurses, dental nurses, and neonatal nurses, among others. Apart from executing our daily duties as a department, several research has to be undertaken in order to improve quality service provision in the hospital. The following is the description of our role as nurses across the department at Yas Clinic.

2.4.1 Laboratory assistance

The Yashealthcare facility focuses on providing medical services to the patients by ensuring that their laboratories are well equipped. The staff in the laboratory include a team of technical experts and other professionals such as nurses.The mission of the laboratory department is to commit itself to the provision of comprehensive clinical pathology services to patients of any age. The laboratory makes reference to the standards developed by the College of American Pathologists (CAP) and commits itself to attain the highest quality as well as providing most updated effective and efficient laboratory services in a professional way. The services provided are meant to get assess to wellness and also identify risk factors that cause diseases, assist in providing diagnosis, monitor and treat the disease.

Nurses perform a very important role in collecting, preparing and handling specimen used in the laboratory. For one to assess the health status of a patient, some of the things that are done include pathogens identification, analysis of urine, sputum, faeces, and blood. Among my key responsibilities as a nurse is to collect and label the specimen before submitting to laboratory technicians and experts. Yas’s laboratory is well equipped with specialized medical machines that enable specialists and technicians to carry their work efficiently. Some of the work done include the testing of samples such as routine and STAT specimen timely and efficiently in order to obtain accurate test outcome. One of the main departments considered in diagnostic operations is the laboratory with the following units;Clinical chemistry and Immunology, Clinical Hematology, Clinical Microbiology, Serology, and Phlebotomy Services.

The fundamental role of a nurse in these units is to ensure appropriate samples of the specimen are collected, identification of the precise sample, ensuring the selected supplies are suitable for collection, timely specimen transfer and interacting with patients. Based on the units highlighted before, specimen taken to Clinical chemistry and Immunologyunit tests the general chemistry profile, lipid profile, determination of enzyme, tests of liver functioning, and the markers of cardiac risks, kidney profile, traces of metals, neonatal and prenatal screening and endocrinology for female and male fertility testing. Clinical Hematologyunit examines coagulation studies, automated blood counts, blood typing, screening of disorders of genes in haemoglobin and diagnosis of various types of anaemia and other red blood cells disorders.

Clinical Microbiology, on the other hand, is committed to the provision of tests such as microscopy, detecting and identifying bacteria, fungi and parasites that causes pathogenic infections to human beings in different sites of the body as well as organs. In addition, several testing of drug susceptibility in order to assist in antimicrobial treatment is also done.

In the Serology unit diagnostic study of blood serum, especially when responding to pathogens by the immune system or introduction of substances is done. The unit also offers several tests that assist in the diagnosis of viral as well as other infections simply by detecting antibody or antigen reactions.Finally, the nurse services reach Phlebotomyunitwhich specializes in taking of blood from the vein using needle normally known as a venipuncture. The staff in the Phlebotomy department are trained, especially on newborns and also the aged patients.

2.4.2 Modern Surgery (MRI)

Surgical doctors cannot operate on their own without a surgical nurse who should give perioperative care and caring of patients before, during and after surgery. As a director of nurses at Yas healthcare, it is my duty to direct the surgical nurses to be in the theatre room on time and with the right tools. Modern surgery considers MRI as the most important and beneficial tools of diagnosis to the current date. For effective treatment of different kind of medical conditions, accurate evaluation, as well as the diagnosis, is needed. Yas Healthcare proud itself of advanced technology of MRI equipment. The services provided in this department include; Spine MRI, Bone and Joint MRI, Brain MRI, Pelvic MRI, Abdominal MRI, and Breast MRI.

2.4.3 Provision of Radiology Services

Radiology provides comprehensive, high-quality imaging services in order to diagnose various medical conditions. The department provides the following services; Examinations of Plain & contrast radiography for whole body parts, Mammography, Bone densitometry (DXA), Ultrasound, MRI using high-end 1.5T MRI system, Digital dental panoramic exam, and Multi-detector Computed Tomography (MDCT) using state-of-art 64 slice machine

The mission of the department is to provide world-class imaging services to the patients cost-effectively through its digital imaging ability. The imaging done is presented as PACS, which is Picture Archival Communication System. This means that when the intended study has been done, immediately the images are transferred to the PACS network for examination by Radiologist and interpretation. Via the same PACS, examinations are readily available for review by their consultant and hard copy presentation to the patient. Registered nurses are allowed to work in this department assisting radiologists, oncologists and other physicians in the department to effectively deliver their work. Most of the nurses in this department are radiology nurses with the ability to operate medical imaging machines. Among other roles played in the department are;

Ultrasound administration
Administration of MRIs
Radiation therapy to patients suffering from cancer
Ensuring safety and patient’s comfort during various procedures

2.4.4 Children’s Health

Yas Healthcare has a well-equipped Pediatric clinic that offers friendship as well as an attractive place that children love and would feel comfortable when in it. Generally, Yas healthcare serves culturally diverse clients, provide medical services, medical advice and educational services on time. Their staff is multilingual speaking the following languages; English, Arabic, Tagalog and French.

The department’s mission is to offer quality healthcare right away from the birth of a child through their adolescence. Pediatric services provided include carrying out child checkups and immunization services. The department advises the parents to make periodic visits in order to monitor the growth as well as the development of the child. The focus of the visit also is on health, development and other guidance appropriate according to the child’s age which includes opportunity such as a child’s vaccination. In this, my job is to monitor and ensure that;

Pediatric nurses play their role in the direct administration of procedures and medication to children as is prescribed in nursing care plans. In addition, they should observe the patient’s vital signscontinually as well as keeping communication with children, their family and the medical team.
The vulnerable young children are handled carefully by neonatal nurses. These include the provision of appropriate care and support to prematurely born babies or babies suffering from such problems as birth defects, heart deformities or infections.
The mobility and responses by pediatric nurses during stressful situations like life-threatening situations are fast and effective. This duty is faced with key features of emergencies such as the ability to handle multifaceted trauma or injury in equal measure of calmness without making the patient feel the urgency, provision of on-spot solutions and quick diagnosis of conditions, stabilize patients with wholesome care and administration of the right medication to patients.

Speciality care:

Some of the pediatric medical services provided at Yas Healthcare clinic include the following:

Allergies and Asthma management
All acute and chronic upper and lower respiratory tract diseases
Failure to thrive
Gastrointestinal diseases
Urinary tract infections and enuresis
School and sport examinations
Feedings difficulties
Up-to-date vaccination program provision
Neonatal examination

Activities and practices at Yas are supported by well-equipped laboratories as well as professionals, radiology departments and other speciality clinics.

2.4.5 Women’s Health

Nurse practitioners play a very vital role in women’s health by helping them sustain health and happiness. Yas offers a comprehensive screening of women wellness through a holistic approach to check the overall well-being and give healthcare that is compassionate at every life stage. The services include family planning, prenatal care and advanced surgical treatment by using advanced technology with facilities used in radiology, ultrasounds, bone densitometry and digital mammography screening. Pregnancyis recognized as a journey, and a team of gynaecologists who are compassionate and caregivers and provide follow-up treatment to pregnant women and the whole process of natural childbirth are needed.

The scope of this function also expands to the management of obstetrics such as multiple pregnancies, gestational diabetes, hypertension induced by pregnancy, IUGR and disorders in the endocrine system. The operational gynaecology surgery services are Myomectomy, Hysterectomy, and Pelvic Floor Surgery such as narrowing vagina plastic surgery, and Tubo-ovarian surgery.

2.4.6 Fetal Maternal Medicine services

This branch of medicine is also known as perinatology and focuses mainly on health management of mother and fetus during and immediately after pregnancy. This service needs physician specialists who have in-depth knowledge of obstetrics, genetic, medical, and surgical as well as gynaecology.

The services provided in this field are;

Morphology scan with 4D ultrasound technology; and conducted with regard to highest international standard.
High-risk care
Prenatal genetic screening tests
Biophysical profile
Antepartum fetal surveillance
Non- Stress test
Fetal Echocardiography
Doppler flow studies
Education of the mother to be

2.4.7 Dental Services assistance

Yas Healthcare operates a fully and well-equipped dental clinic that offers a wide range of dental services. Among the dental team is a dental nurse whose responsibility is to ensure that the patient is well cared for. Among the duties played by a dental nurse at Yas include closely working with a dentist and providing the needed assistance during the patient’s visit. This assistance includes preparation of materials and ensuring the availability of proper instruments, instruments sterilization and cleaning as well as helping the dentists in capturing and recording patient’s information on oral health and radiographs. The services provided include the following;

Teeth whitening: This is the process of restoring the colour of a tooth or teeth by removing the coloured stains and discolouration. Teeth whitening is a widely known cosmetic practice because it improves the outlook of the teeth. There are several causes of stained or yellow teeth such as the use of tobacco, consumption of coloured drinks like coffee and tea, cavities and a person not taking care of their teeth. There are two types of teeth whitening that is vital whitening and non-vital whitening. Vital whitening involves a practice done on teeth with live nerves while non-vital is performed on non-live nerves.

Tooth bonding: This process involves the application of tooth-coloured plastic materials in order to repair a tooth or teeth that have decayed, fractured or chipped or even discoloured. The procedure is inexpensive and non-complex. The bonding is also meant to close the gap between the teeth, make the teeth appear longer or changing teeth colour. In addition, tooth bonding is very useful in protecting a section of the root of a tooth exposed to receding gums.

Pediatric dentistry: This is a practice that deals with children right away from birth to adolescence while promoting dental health and also serving as educating parents. The practice is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatric Dentists (AAPD) and also the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) that within six months of birthday, dental visits should be done. It is also good because when early detection of tooth decay is identified, modification and treatment will be easy and oral health will be maintained.

Root canal treatment: This is a treatment which is intended to repair and save the tooth that is totally destroyed or decayed or has been infected. The process involves removal of nerve and pulp from inside the tooth, and then the tooth is cleaned and sealed. Therefore, it is a very easy treatment for the infected tooth that results in eliminating infections and protecting the tooth from microbial invasion in future. It is a procedure for saving the totally damaged tooth instead of removing it.

2.4.8 Cardiology services

Cardiology is function started at Yas take care of heart diseases, heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems. In the presence of cardiac nurses, these conditions can be prevented, diagnosed and treated as well as the patients helped in choosing a healthy lifestyle. Yas Healthcare has set up a modern facility in the Cardiology Department run by skilled and specialized personnel with the purpose of ensuring a healthy heart. The department has adopted the new technology with up-to-date assessment, investigation and management of suspected cardiac problems and this require General Evaluation, Advanced non Invasive Evaluation & Advanced Invasive Evaluation combination. The following are the services provided in the Cardiology Department arranged in categories;

General Evaluation

A comprehensive history of the patient
Clinical examination on the cardiovascular system
An assessment of 12 lead ECG in order to trace the heart’s electrical activity
A chest Xray (CXR) to get information about the heart and the size and shape of a major blood vessel so as to get more information concerning the lungs
Urinalysis where a sample of urine is taken for analysis to provide information on medical conditions that influences the functioning of the heart and cardiovascular system.
Blood tests

Advanced Non-Invasion Examination

A 24-hour ambulatory ECG recording
Heart rhythm recording
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring which helps in determining the elevation of blood pressure
Adult Transthoracic Echocardiography (TTE) to provide the structure of the heart and its function
Adult Stress Echocardiography which the measurement of the ultrasound of the heart at the time of physical exercise
Cardiac CT imaging
Exercise Stress ECG
Study of cardiac Magnetic Resource Imaging (MRI)
Carotid duplex ultrasound
Peripheral arterial duplex ultrasound
Renal ultrasound and renal arterial duplex ultrasound
Testing of pulmonary functioning
Tilt testing

2.4.9 Budget Development

In collaboration with the finance department, I play a role as a nursing director to set goals and design budgets for the nursing division. After the process of budget, development has been completed and updated, it is submitted to the administrative unit and further to the board of directors for approval. When the budget is approved and the fiscal year starts then services and other programs are delivered as planned. Among the roles played in the development of budget involve the following work-flow;

Collection of relevant data
Planning of the services
Planning of the activities
Plan implementation
Budget monitoring
Necessary corrective measures are taken

Collecting data is a critical task in the process of budget development. Although it is the role of the finance department to collect the data required, it is done in collaboration with the director of that unit (Nursing Director) in order to create a functional budget. Among the data collected include; the offered services – this is collected through the nursing director because of her knowledge in services offered currently and in the future; patients’ case-mix – the complexity of patient’s cases and requires a nurse to make calculation of the overall index and submit to finance department; standards of care; hours used to attend the patient; plans to change the services provided; and plans to change resource allocation.

CHAPTER THREE

Nursing and Economic Theory

3.1 Importance of Economics Globally

In order to realize the importance of economics, we first need to focus on its definition in general. Most of the literature presents economics as social science, but it is found to be non-exhaustive, and therefore for the purpose of this report, a suitable definition is chosen. Economics, in general, has to do with a way of thinking. This method of thinking involves the utilization of scarce resources, supply, demand and marginal analysis. Economics, as a discipline, involves focusing on why and how people make choices. In a more specific way, economic theory is a model of decision-making for people to allocate their scarce resources effectively. Under economic theory model, human behaviour is based on the assumption that humans are rational and their motivation is to attain happiness and have the ability to calculate differences between trades-off.

3.2 Literature Review

3.2.1 Importance of Health Economics in the Nursing Profession

The literature review presented here is just to provide justification about the relevance of health economics in particularly the nursing profession. The first case made is the relevance of economic analyses for nurses’ work (that is focusing on the costs and benefits on the decision on the level of director of nurses). Secondly, an examination of whether an individual nursing practitioner has the ability as well as an incentive to impact on the cost of healthcare.

3.2.2 Impacts on the Nursing Profession

The related managerial decisions to the nursing profession on both the outcome from the patients and the cost of healthcare have been documented. According to Aiken’s 2008, on the relationship between nursing staffing and patient’s outcome found that when there are a higher nurse-to-patients, there is a better patient’s outcome which translates to offsets of costs. There are several aspects of nursing care that have been examined including workload on a nurse and education, and it has been concluded that in order to improve the patient outcome certain parameters such as workload has to be reduced or even hiring other nurses. Nursing, as a resource, has economic value and has been quantified. Hiring an extra registered nurse brings in benefits estimated to be at least $60,000 annually. Even though the aim of the review is the establishment of the economic-based decision in the nursing profession, the question remains on the ability of an individual nurse to influence the cost in the healthcare environment.

3.2.3 The relevance of Health Economics for Practitioner in a Medical Field

The importance of offering or mastering in economic education for professionals in the medical field, such as Physicians have attracted much attention in the past decade. The conclusion is ultimately reached that the current level has had inadequate health economic education, especially among practising professionals. According to Wallace et al. 2002, on trying to test the hypothesis that economic education has been incorporated into nursing guideline has gone a long way to finding that only 26% of the analyzed institutions do the same. In addition, the documented literature review presents that graduate in the medical field still have not mastered the full knowledge of costs they incur and therefore, the relevance of Health Economic concepts. More than 40 scholarly articles reviewed suggests that economic education is an effective tool that can be used for containing cost in a medical facility and 88% success cases have been reported.

3.2.4 Relevance for Individual Nurses

There is no evidenced from research documenting how health economics is relevant to particularly the nursing profession. Even though this gap exists in the literature, there is evidence of the need for potential and empower nurses in society. According to a unique poll that was conducted in the US by Gallup Institute, 1504 opinion leaders were solicited on the role of nurses in the workplace, and their decision making showed that 72 per cent of them responded that nurses should have greater power in decision making. Out of this, 84 per cent of the votes advocated for improving efficiency in healthcare as well as reducing costs.

In addition, the Gallup poll also tried to get feedback on whether the current working place could support the nurses to participate in decisions pertaining to cost-saving as well as proper incentives present. The responses clearly indicated substantial barriers in the healthcare system that are preventing nurses from exercising their leadership potential in an institution.The most common identified barrier is the perception by the public about the inability of nurses to make a decision like doctors. Another important thing is the view that nurses are cost generators rather than being viewed as revenue generators. In order to solve the aforementioned conflict, there is a need to look at other issues like education in order to accommodate more decision-making nurses.

CHAPTER FOUR

Summary and Conclusion

4.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the summary of the whole experience at Yas Healthcare clinic and conclusion on the importance of health economics on nursing professionals. The presentation of this report has mainly focused on medical personnel, especially nurses, as per the guideline provided by Sorbonne University.

4.2 Summary

Yas is a private clinic established in 2014 and offer a wide range of medical services. This report presents the tasks performed by the author at the medical facility and how the job will assist her in pursuing her master’s in health economics at Sorbonne University. Health economics is a very useful and important concept for health professionals. While most economists have a standard way of thinking, medical professionals such as nurses cannot receive it naturally as they are taught to save life regardless of the cost. As discussed earlier, health economics is a discipline dealing with efficiency and effectiveness in both production and consumption of health as well as healthcare. Being a health economist, an individual is subjected to an array of duties and responsibilities that facilitate the running of the healthcare facility and the programs in the institution effectively. The overall objective is to enable an institution to maximize the value of their money that is spent on health and healthcare and therefore ensures that cost-effectiveness is also maximized in the facility.

Due to the report published by landmark Institute of Medicine (IOM) that more than 98,000 American die annually because of errors in nurses’ care, there has been a lot of concern about the safety and quality of patients’ care in the hospital. The identified factors contributing to unsafe and quality care are the nature of the hospital working environment as well as the workforce. The largest workforce in a hospital organization is nursing service and has been considered as indispensable to the safety and quality of the patient. Due to the complexity and dynamism of the world, nursing as a profession has to be combined with administrative aspects. The healthcare industry has experienced rising costs, decreasing quality and increasing demand as well as a decline in personnel which calls for a better understanding of healthcare and creation of solutions. Hence, nursing should be combined with another discipline to foster efficiency and effectiveness in service delivery in a healthcare facility.

4.3 Conclusion

The healthcare industry is a field full of complexities and is very important as it makes a great contribution to the success of the economy. Due to this, principles of health economics such as the notion of scarcity, market demand and supply, opportunity cost, margins, time horizons, discounting, differences between needs and demand and equity. These principles are used to analyze issues relating to health and healthcare. The skills obtained in class enables me to acquire a good sense and knowledge regarding making a viable decision to a healthcare facility. Generally, it enables me to develop expert knowledge in studying not only the healthcare at Yas but also the whole industry by making a lot of economic evaluations of several programs in the institution. This involves the development of goals and objectives of a health program involving optimum resource utilization which helps a business organization to keep a high ratio of profitability.

References

Burnard, P. (2004). Writing a qualitative research report. Accident and emergency nursing, 12(3), 176-181.

Folland, S., Goodman, A. C., &Stano, M. (2007). The economics of health and health care (Vol. 6). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Groves, W. (2014). Professional practice skills for nurses. Nursing standard, 29(1).

Hirsch, A. T., Haskal, Z. J., Hertzer, N. R., Bakal, C. W., Creager, M. A., Halperin, J. L., … &Rosenfield, K. A. (2006). ACC/AHA 2005 practice guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic) a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery,* Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to develop guidelines for the management …. circulation, 113(11), e463-e654.

Luker, K., Austin, L., Hogg, C., Ferguson, B., & Smith, K. (1997). Nurse prescribing: the views of nurses and other health care professionals. British Journal of Community Health Nursing, 2(2), 69-74.

Mort, S. (2017). Professional report writing. Routledge.

Platt, M., Kwasky, A., &Spetz, J. (2016). Filling the gap: Developing health economics competencies for baccalaureate nursing programs. Nursing Outlook, 64(1), 49-60.

Shields, M. A., & Ward, M. (2001). Improving nurse retention in the National Health Service in England: the impact of job satisfaction on intentions to quit. Journal of health economics, 20(5), 677-701.

Sloan, F. A., & Hsieh, C. R. (2017). Health economics. MIT Press.

Stievano, A., Caruso, R., Pittella, F., Shaffer, F. A., Rocco, G., &Fairman, J. (2019). Shaping the nursing profession regulation through history–a systematic review. International nursing review, 66(1), 17-29.

Burnard, P. (2004). Writing a qualitative research report. Accident and emergency nursing, 12(3), 176-181.

Folland, S., Goodman, A. C., &Stano, M. (2007). The economics of health and health care (Vol. 6). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Groves, W. (2014). Professional practice skills for nurses. Nursing standard, 29(1).

Mort, S. (2017). Professional report writing. Routledge.

Platt, M., Kwasky, A., &Spetz, J. (2016). Filling the gap: Developing health economics competencies for baccalaureate nursing programs. Nursing Outlook, 64(1), 49-60.

Sloan, F. A., & Hsieh, C. R. (2017). Health economics. MIT Press.

Burnard, P. (2004). Writing a qualitative research report. Accident and emergency nursing, 12(3), 176-181.

Folland, S., Goodman, A. C., &Stano, M. (2007). The economics of health and health care (Vol. 6). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Groves, W. (2014). Professional practice skills for nurses. Nursing standard, 29(1).

Mort, S. (2017). Professional report writing. Routledge.

Platt, M., Kwasky, A., &Spetz, J. (2016). Filling the gap: Developing health economics competencies for baccalaureate nursing programs. Nursing Outlook, 64(1), 49-60.

Sloan, F. A., & Hsieh, C. R. (2017). Health economics. MIT Press.

Burnard, P. (2004). Writing a qualitative research report. Accident and emergency nursing, 12(3), 176-181.

Folland, S., Goodman, A. C., &Stano, M. (2007). The economics of health and health care (Vol. 6). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Groves, W. (2014). Professional practice skills for nurses. Nursing standard, 29(1).

Mort, S. (2017). Professional report writing. Routledge.

Platt, M., Kwasky, A., &Spetz, J. (2016). Filling the gap: Developing health economics competencies for baccalaureate nursing programs. Nursing Outlook, 64(1), 49-60.

Sloan, F. A., & Hsieh, C. R. (2017). Health economics. MIT Press.

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Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Abstract

CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF THE REPORT

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Background of Yas Healthcare

1.2.1 Vision Statement

1.2.2 Our mission

1.3 Organization’s Values

1.3.1 Service

1.3.2 Trust

1.3.3 Attitude

1.3.4 Respect

1.4 Organizational Structure and Description of some Employees

1.4.1 HR and Administration Department

1.4.2 Biomedical Department

1.4.3 Quality Assurance Department

1.4.4 Finance and Accounting Department

1.4.5 Nursing Department

1.5 Methodology

1.5.1 Observation

1.5.2 Interview

1.5.3 Documentation

1.6 Hospital SWOT Analysis

1.7.1 Strengths

1.7.2 Weaknesses

1.7.3 Opportunities

1.7.4 Threats

PART ONE: SKILLS HIGHLIGHT

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Skills and Competencies of the Intern

2.2.1 Professional Summary

2.2.2 Highlights of Skills

2.2.3 Professional Experience

2.2.4 Education and Training

2.3 Position Occupied in the Institution

2.3.1 General Duties and Responsibilities

2.4 Introduction

2.4.1 Laboratory assistance

2.4.2 Modern Surgery (MRI)

2.4.3 Provision of Radiology Services

2.4.4 Children’s Health

2.4.5 Women’s Health

2.4.6 Fetal Maternal Medicine services

2.4.7 Dental Services assistance

2.4.8 Cardiology services

2.4.9 Budget Development

CHAPTER THREE

Nursing and Economic Theory

3.1 Importance of Economics Globally

3.2 Literature Review

3.2.1 Importance of Health Economics in the Nursing Profession

3.2.2 Impacts on the Nursing Profession

3.2.3 The relevance of Health Economics for Practitioner in a Medical Field

3.2.4 Relevance for Individual Nurses

CHAPTER FOUR

Summary and Conclusion

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Summary

4.3 Conclusion

References

Get professional assignment help cheaply

Why choose our academic writing service?

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Why Choose Our Academic Writing Service?

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Finance

Computer science

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Engineering

Nursing

Sociology

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Statistics

Law

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Are your writers competent enough to handle my paper?

What if I don’t like the paper?