How to prevent Urinary Tract Infection in Older Women?
LITERATURE REVIEW
Various studies have conducted in-depth investigations on measures that can be taken to prevent the occurrence of urinary tract infection. These studies have focused on both clinical and non-clinical measures that can be taken into consideration. Individuals and patients with cases of recurring urinary tract infection have been of great help to these investigations as they are a good population of the study. The existing knowledge will provide a clear view of knowledge relevant to the study.
DeAnn J Liska, (2016) notes that cranberries have been used for many decades for both nutritional and health benefits. Among the health benefits associated with cranberries is the prevention and treatment of urinary tract infections. The article by Liskafurther highlights that cranberries provide a conventional prevention and treatment agent for any illness associated with the urinary tract system. Among the persons who have been benefited by cranberry juice are individuals of the female gender whom on many occasions, suffer from recurrent urinary tract infections. The article observes that cranberry use as a prevention measure against urinary tract infection is more of a biological concept rather than a traditional belief as presented by many. The cranberry juice possesses a substance that works to prevent bacteria from sticking to the walls of any of the urinary system components. Different populations are noted to have divergent reactions to the application of the juice as a preventive measure against UTIs. The article further notes that antibiotics are on many occasions prescribed to those suffering from recurrent episodes of the UTI. In these cases, antibiotics are prescribed as both a treatment and a preventive agent. The use of the antibiotics repetitively may cause the body to adapt to the antibiotic, thus creating or resulting in the body resisting the clinical drugs. Lifestyle through diet observation has been identified as a crucial way of assisting women in fighting off the resisting force of the body against the prevention and treatment of the UTIs. The use of nonantibiotic measures to fight UTI is, therefore considered a healthy option for women. Investigations and research on the role of cranberries have showcased positive results in the reduction in recurrent UTIs among healthy individuals(DeAnn J Liska, 2016).
Nicolle, (2016) has highlighted on the need for daily intake of the cranberry juice in a bid to fight off UTI. Cranberry juice is widely known to lower the pH levels of urine in a human body. The article, however, highlights the need for intake of the cranberry juice in large volumes to counter the high pH levels in the human urine. Many studies have opposed the efficiency and effectiveness of the cranberry juice in preventing or treating urinary tract infections. However, prolonged use of the cranberry juice may decrease the occurrence of the urinary tract infection among women. The comparison between the use of antibiotics and the use of cranberry does not present distinctive results. A question, therefore, arises on the effectiveness of the juice in resolving problems associated with urinary tract infections. Investigations and studies on us of cranberries to prevent and treat UTIs as presented by the article have shown inconsistent and probably unreliable results(Nicolle, 2016).
Erin M Schwenger, (2015) notes the numerous health effects brought about by the common bacterial infection. Among the health effects associated with UTIs as highlighted by Schwenger is kidney disfunction. The kidney is a major component of the urinary system; thus, its disfunction may bring about adverse health complications. The article notes on the high risk of women contracting UTIs as compared to men who possess a lower risk of contraction. The article acknowledges the use of drug and non-drug measures in combating the illness either by prevention or treatment. The antibiotics have shown inconsistent results among recurring patients(Erin M Schwenger, 2015).
Research Method, Aim of the Study, Sample, Outcomes, Measurement, And Results
A literature search on data concerning the prevention of urinary tract infection is essential in giving reliable results. Systematic reviews will be useful in providing conclusions on the study. Review of the existing data from the relevant literature creates an avenue for the researcher to present overall results based on independent review analysis. Reports obtained from the selected reviews will also be put under in-depth scrutiny. The reports will assist in obtaining results on the efficiency of the cranberry in preventing or treating urinary tract infections. The study will also use randomized control trials to complement the literature reviews. The study will also compare the results drawn from various literature and independent findings from the controlled trails. The literature search will also put into consideration the critical areas of research conducted about urinary tract infections(DeAnn J Liska, 2016)(Ahmed H, 2017).
The study will focus on determining the impact of using cranberries to prevent urinary tract infection in older women as compared to the use of antibiotics within six months. The use of reviews will assist in analyzing feedback given on the use of cranberries to prevent or treat UTIs in older women. The studies under investigation must consist of results obtained within at least six months. The assessments on the use of cranberries to treat or prevent UTIs will be independent for the study to achieve its major aim(Ahmed H, 2017).
The study will use a randomized controlled trial with a sample size of 150 women. The controlled sample size was observed for six months. The results were collected using the neck disability index where the women were expected to fill in a form on any events about the study. At the end of the six months, the results were collected and analyzed. Data from literature survey was also obtained from reliable databases and compared to the results obtained from the study. All the results obtained were analyzed and used to draw a comprehensive conclusion.
The results from the randomized controlled trial with a sample size of 150 were measured through comparison of the vagina oestrogens when using cranberry juice and when using antibiotics (Cefaclor). Long term use of cranberry juice reduced urinary tract infection from reoccurring by 30%. The result was obtained from three trials; n=75, a risk ratio of 0.76 &CI of 0.61 and 0.95 at 95%CI. The cranberry juice was a statistically significant determinant in preventing the reoccurrence of UTIs. The control variable, cefaclor, was also considered an essential factor in the prevention of UTI reoccurrence. With n=75, the risk ratio was at 0.31, while at 95%CI, 0.37 up to 2.56. However, from the neck disability index, some of the respondents showcased resistance to the antibiotic, cefaclor(Ahmed H, 2017).
Related literature showcased the recognition of antibiotic to prevent and treat UTIs. Data from the literature and reliable databases showcase readmission of patients previously under treatment using antibiotics, including cefaclor. Up to five works of literature were relevant to the study showcasing the resistance of the human body against antibiotics. However, prolonged use of the cranberry juice was considered an essential determinant in reducing the likelihood of reoccurrence by up to 20%. However, from the controlled random sample, drinking more than 8 glasses of cranberry juice in a day for the entire period failed to reduce the chances of reoccurrence. Most of the related literature also showed inconsistent results among different women. The study, therefore, concludes the importance of cranberry juice in preventing UTIs. However, the outcome of the cranberry juice efficiency in preventing or treating UTIs is inconsistent among different women(Myriam Gharbi, 2019)(Haroon Ahmed, 2018).
References
Ahmed H, D. F. (2017). Long-term antibiotics for prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. BMJ. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015233
DeAnn J Liska, H. J. (2016). Cranberries and Urinary Tract Infections: How Can the Same Evidence Lead to Conflicting Advice? PubMed Central, 498–506. Retrieved from https://doi: 10.3945/an.115.011197
Erin M Schwenger, A. M. (2015). Probiotics for preventing urinary tract infections in adults and children. Cochrane Systematic Review. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008772.pub2
Haroon Ahmed, e. a. (2018). Risk of adverse outcomes following urinary tract infection in older people with renal impairment: Retrospective cohort study using linked health record data. Plos Medicine. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002652
Myriam Gharbi, e. a. (2019). Antibiotic management of urinary tract infection in elderly patients in primary care and its association with bloodstream infections and all cause mortality: population-based cohort study. BMJ. Retrieved from https://doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l525
Nicolle, L. E. (2016). Cranberry for Prevention of Urinary Tract Infection? Journal of the American Medical Association. Retrieved from https://doi:10.1001/jama.2016.16140
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