Physical Assessment of the Breast, Axillae & Abdomen
- The two vascular supply to the breast is internal mammary arteries (internal thoracic artery) and lateral thoracic artery(Saimura, Koga, Anan, Mitsuyama& Tamiya, 2018)
- it is when an individual start developing secondary breast at around the stage of puberty (Sultania et al., 2016)
- it drains into the axillary lymph nodes
- there re many side effects that take place when the axillary lymph nodes get removed. The effects are because the lymph nodes drain the fluid from arms and legs, and their absence causes a build-up of fluid, which leads to swelling. The area is also vulnerable to infections and complications of wound healing. Other effects include pain, tingling, numbness, and blood clots(Sultania et al., 2016)
- The menses will not start early because the daughter is at tanner stage 2. Most girls begin their menses early at stage 3 and in stage 4
- Spoke approach
Concentric circles method
Vertical strip approach(Ball, Dains, Flynn, Solomon & Stewart, 2014)
- The presence of cancer tumor
- The breast becomes tender as it enlarges in size, sore nipples are a common occurrence, the breast and nipples start becoming sensitive (Sultania et al., 2016)
- The patient should look for seamless, wide straps, and seamless bras that will help increase their comfort. A maternity bra is the best as it got explicitly designed for pregnant women. The patient should adjust the bra size as the breasts continue enlarging
- Due to the declining estrogen level, post-menopause women’s breast loses their elasticity and firmness. The breast also loses shape in the process and begin sagging. The patients stop having premenstrual lumps, pain or nipple discharge, the breast may reduce in size
| Fibrocystic | Fibroadenoma | Malignant breast tumor |
| It is a small benign tumor found on the breast experienced by more than half the women between 20-50 years old | This is a small benign tumor that remains in the tissue and is not common among women aged between 15-35 years. The cause is hormonal changes | It is a malignant tumor that is cancerous and unlike fibroadenoma spreads to surrounding tissues and organs(Saimura, Koga, Anan, Mitsuyama& Tamiya, 2018) |
| The condition is normal and not life-threatening as it is not a disease | The lumps shrink and disappear as the patients get older; they are also removable (Saimura, Koga, Anan, Mitsuyama& Tamiya, 2018) | The tumor grows and can become life-threatening as it may lead to the death of not detected and treated early |
| The patient may experience pain, lumpiness, tendernesson the outer and upper areas of the breast persistent before menstruation (Saimura, Koga, Anan, Mitsuyama& Tamiya, 2018) | The tumor is small in size, and sometimes one may not feel it, it does not cause any pain | Cancer may cause a discharge, swelling, skin irritation, and redness as the symptoms |
- The most probably illness would be ductal carcinoma
- Patients above 60 and below 70 years
- The role of the kidney in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis is to ensure a balance no matter the conditions. The kidney filters the electrolytes and water in the blood. After filtering, the organ releases some of the electrolytes to the blood, and the rest gets excreted in the urine. The kidney thus maintains balance by reserving the electrolyte needed by the body and excreting the excess
- 1 or 2 hours at most
- The alimentary tract consists of the entire digestive system tract that aids in the process of digestion, nutrient absorption, and elimination. The processes ensure that the alimentary tract nourishes the body by allowing for the absorption of life-sustaining nutrients and elimination of wastes. The organs involved include the large intestine, small intestine, esophagus, pharynx, mouth, stomach,
- The intestines help in the metabolism of the proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
- Various elements help in assessing abdominal pain. The factors include when the pain started, the specific location in the abdomen, the duration of the pain, patients’ characteristics, any associated symptoms, the characteristics of the stool and urine. Medication history is also essential information(Ball, Dains, Flynn, Solomon & Stewart, 2014)
- There are various aspects of the masses that the physician ought to check and document. The elements include the tenderness of the mass, the size, location, shape, mobility, and consistency(Ball, Dains, Flynn, Solomon & Stewart, 2014)
- The sign is known as Cullen’s sign
- The malformation of the umbilical cord which happens when there is only one artery instead of two
- The standard type is the inguinal hernias
- It is a digestive tract illness where inflammation occurs along with the system. The patient might feel some pain, malnutrition, and diarrhea
- Probably abdominal pain
- Suppurative cholecystitis is uncommon where the gall bladder lumen gets filled with pus due to bacteria-contaminated gall bladder. Catarrhal cholecystitis refers to the inflammation of the mucous membrane in body cavities or airways, resulting in thick exude of mucous alongside white blood cells. Gangrenous type is an acute version of the cholecystitis where there is inflammation on the walls of the gall bladder due to increased tension
- The pain is persistent in the upper and right part of the belly, in the abdomen, shoulder. Associated symptoms include bloating, nausea, and tenderness upon touching
References
Ball, J., Dains, J., Flynn, J., Solomon, B., & Stewart, R. (2014). Seidel’s guide to physical examination. Elsevier – Health Sciences Division.
Saimura, M., Koga, K., Anan, K., Mitsuyama, S., & Tamiya, S. (2018).Diagnosis, characteristics, and treatment of breast carcinomas within benign fibroepithelial tumors. Breast Cancer, 25(4), 470-478. doi: 10.1007/s12282-018-0847-7
Sultania, M., Kataria, K., Srivastava, A., Misra, M., Parshad, R., & Dhar, A. etal. (2016). Validation of Different Techniques in Physical Examination of Breast. Indian Journal Of Surgery, 79(3), 219-225. doi: 10.1007/s12262-016-1470-5
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