Success and failures of peace intervention by an international organization- the United Nations (UN).
Peacebuilding is a vital task, especially where many countries around the world are in the midst of war or undergoing post-conflict reconstruction. Instabilities in a country heighten risks, do genocide and mass atrocities, undermines the rule of law, standards of human rights, or legitimate governments. Instability in a country can create fertile breeding grounds for illicit traffickers or terrorists. The consequences of violence are severe, hence a call for international peace interventions from regional organizations, diplomatic missions, donors, non-governmental agencies, and United Nations operations, which has become increasingly influential. More than a hundred troops, police personnel, or observers currently serve as United Nations (UN) peacekeepers across four continents. Peacemaking efforts have attained a better result like helping host nation authorities, and population end violence helped establish security, promote economic growth, and organize democracies. The main focus of this paper is to evaluate the success and failures of peace intervention by an international organization- the United Nations (UN).
First, the rise of international institutions came in the year 1919, where world war I victorious nation representatives gathered together to make a treaty to bring peace to Europe. However, the attempt failed initially due to controversies regarding the establishment of a league that would promote security, co-operation, and peace in the world. After the second world war, an international system emerged, which was based on state sovereignty, but the European approach had been changed to suit new demand. The adoption gained support, and the world experienced a substantial number of nations’ cooperation forming the UN. According to theorists of international relations, there is skepticism about the effectiveness of the UN as a framework institution to promote peace.
The peace intervention approach by the United Nations (UN) operates in the most dangerous and difficult geographies in the world. The international organization- UN has capabilities to achieve what other agencies cannot obtain, and this has led to success when it comes to peace interventions. However, although the UN can address what most organizations cannot address, success in a mission is not always guaranteed, this leads to notable failures as well. The development of international institutions is an admirable effort to achieve world peace. Many attempts have been in place to establish a global institution that would integrate cooperation among the UN members. Up to now, the UN is the most notable international organization in assisting make the world peaceful. Currently, Un has about 192 member states, and this means that a sovereign nation in the world is affiliated to the agency. UN has both succeeded and failed in the objectives to establish peace in various regions around the globe. The first case of UN success in peace establishment is the civil war in Mozambique. The other example of UN failure in peacemaking missions is through Israel and the situation in the middle east. Further, instances of failures and succeed by the UN agencies go beyond Mozambique and Israel as shall be analyzed.
UN Mozambique Peace Intervention Success.
United Nations (UN) intervention in Mozambique is usually seen as the most successful approach. A civil war in Mozambique first broke in the year 1977, when RENAMO- a resistance movement was established to oppose FRELIMO- government forces in Mozambique. At that period, over nine hundred thousand people were killed in the battle, and others died in starvation, while about 5 million were displaced. In the year 1992, the conflict came to an end after intervention by the United States, and the general peace Accord was reached with the agency support. In the same year, a peacekeeping force of about 8000 soldiers arrived in the country to oversee a transition of democracy. The agreement was seen as an achievement by itself, but transforming a deal is a much more complicated task. The UN managed to achieve a rare peacekeeping success during the Mozambique experience. The UN peace movement in Mozambique-ONUMOZ delivered a message of how peacekeeping mission needs to be on behalf of international communities. Perhaps, were it not for the intervention by the UN, the civil war outcome would have been different if not disastrous. A security council that has come closest to the global governing force was in charge of setting operations in Mozambique. The council’s effort demonstrated a desire to get involved in the recon-structuring process. The UN was not only successful in helping establish peace in the country but also but acted as an example of how an international community can bring peace and stability in conflicting nations. Some liberalist might argue that states are fundamentally cooperative, while neo-liberalism would support that international institutions allow countries to cooperate in the global system effectively. Many arguments revolve around the UN effort to establish peace in some nations, and scholars are to the idea that a complex interdependence can illustrate the relationship between states. When there is a high degree of interdependence, countries need international agencies to be established to resolve issues. In other words, it means international institutions promote peace or cooperation by delivering information and reducing costs. A similar case of UN intervention can be observed in Cambodia, Tajikistan, El-Salvador, and Guatemala. Ingredients for successful peace promotion by the international institution in those countries can be drawn from the breadth of council support, the ability to back mediation effort, involving the right personnel, and credible rewards or punishments.
The UN peace intervention has made significant differences in various with recently succeed operations in Sierra Leone, Kosovo, Haiti, and Timor-Leste. By availing security guarantee and response to a crisis, the UN operations have much support in political transition and help buttress fragile state institutions. The peacemaking interventions by the UN have helped nations to close conflict chapter and create a path of normal development though major peacebuilding challenges remain still. As the agency’s past experiences show, there are various essentials factors of success in a peacekeeping operation. A peacekeeping operation must be perceived as legitimate in the eyes of the local population, promote both local and national ownership of peace. Also, peacekeeping operations must be guided by principles like nonuse of force unless in self-defense or defense of the mandate. Other vital factors that drove the success of the UN operations of establishing peace include a genuine commitment to a political process, achievable mandates, logistics, and financial resources. Mozambique intervention by the UN was allegedly successful as the length of conflict was slowly dying, and supplies became scares. In that way, the circumstance opened a path for peace dialogue and negotiations between conflicting parties.
The UN Israel Peace Intervention Failure
The situation around the middle east is primarily debated amongst international communities. Typically, conflict in the middle east is among the most controversial matters that Un organization has had to deal with so far. Various resolutions have called upon Israel to respect obligations under humanitarian law and end the demolition of people’s houses, which is perceived as a violation of the law. During a conflict within Israel and the middle east, the UN was called upon to intervene, but its efforts failed when attempting to stabilize the situation. The failure of the international community to intervene raised a lot of criticism of the organization regarding abilities to make the world more peaceful. The UN secretary-general made a remarkable statement claiming that the world cannot stand aside when the human right violation is taking place and enjoy sustained support to the people, interventions ought to be based on universal principles. In other words, there is a need to adapt to the international system better to a world with new responsibilities or possibilities for progress and peace. The UN secretary view was based upon the idea of respecting state sovereignty, and that reformation within a country can be attained through the promotion of democracy. The UN is criticized for condemning Israel and faced accusations of engaging in armed conflicts. Israel has also faced allegations of targeting the UN personnel. With such references, it is clear that the situation in the middle east is unstable, while scholars analyze Israel’s faults, and others look at the UN failures. Despite the motive for political unrest in the Middle East, an ultimate reflection of failure is within the UN institution framework, where it was not able to secure a peace agreement.
Failure of international organizations like the United Nations can raise many questions whose answers can be hard to obtain. For example, one would wonder if an institution like the UN is flawed in its purpose to secure peace, why would it exist then. Also, it is not clear if international order would remain the same, suppose there was no institutionalized form of global governance. The UN peacekeepers often fail to meet the basic objectives, and, in many deployments, they watch helplessly while war rages. United Nations, as an international institution for peacemaking in conflicting nations, has not only failed in Israel but also was unsuccessful in the Iraq invasion. More than 1 million people died due to conflict in their country since the US-led invasion in the year 2003. The regime change sought by the US left Iraq nation with economic instability and vulnerable to terrorism. The UN’s resolution of 1483 attempted to legitimize invasion conducted under false assertation by the US. In 2011, the Syrian regime launched a ruthless crackdown on peaceful protesters who marched in the street in 2011. The following year, the UN security council attempted to pass some resolutions addressing the conflict, but Russia used its veto power to protect an ally. By the end of the year, six million people had been pushed out of the country as a result of Syria’s conflict.
In countries like Rwanda, where peacekeeping by the UN failed, the peacekeepers suffered from having a narrow mandate. Officially, UN peacekeepers are obligated to the security council to monitor, assist, and investigate crimes or violence. Soldiers are mandated to use only use defense while in self-defense or when evacuating foreigners. Such a limited mandate puts the armies in complicated situations when conflicts and killings arise. For instance, in 1994, during the Rwanda genocide, some soldiers felt obligated morally to intervene after seeing civilian killings. Another common challenge that may hinder successive peacekeeping missions by the UN agency is that most wealthy nations with capable armies are unwilling to give a significant number of troops. The dangerous and difficult peacekeeping is thus left primarily to less equipped and trained soldiers. When the peacekeeping process becomes somehow a way in which rich countries send armies of emerging countries to handle conflicts, the missions are doomed to fail.
One way in which the UN, as an international organization, contributes to building sustainable peace is through the integration of gender in its peacebuilding efforts. Often, plans fail for lack of accounting for the array of gender needs despite a general recognition that men and women have to be equal. Inclusiveness sustains peace, yet peacebuilding remains a male-dominance largely. The UN is approaching integrating gender through UN women’s movements, gender expertise in post conflicts investigations, missions, and assessments. By investing time and resources, the UN has come to an observation that it can build potentials for peace through key actors like women and women’s organizations. Another way that the UN contributes to making sustainable peace is leveraging its whole system. The institution has to find its peace operations, determine capable peacebuilding architecture, and review women, peace, and security issues. The concept of sustaining peace is inspired by the new Agenda or 2030 for sustainable development.
In conclusion, the paper presents the effectiveness of an international organization- the United Nations and addressed its successes and failures in making the world peaceful. By analysis, it was demonstrated that the UN has proved to be successful in establishing peace through its intervention in a country like Mozambique. However, it turned out that the mission to secure peace in conflicting nations is not always successful as revealed through analysis of the UN intervention in Israel. Overall, the United Nations can be seen as inherently flawed following lack of peace in several countries; it attempted to intervene. Even with its failures, institutions like the UN still hold potentials and have high regard by the international community.
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