Article Review: Education or indoctrination
Summary
Education and indoctrination are two subjects that are close but not related. Education can be described as the usage of facts in determining what is truthful or not in a given scenario. On the other hand, indoctrination is defined as the application of influence for people to have a belief in truth or facts without verifying the facts objectively, relying on opinion. More importantly, in this article concerning the accuracy of introductory Psychology textbooks, as applied in objectively covering topics that are quite controversial, a lot of differences and variations are realized. At the same time, a similar approach of accuracy is used in determining the accuracy of the introductory textbooks concerning Legends from Urban areas in Psychology.
As a consequence, the introductory class of psychology presents the students with a general and detailed overview of research into the topic of psychology. Of particular interest is the difficulty in writing the psychology books experienced by the authors as a good number of times, they are required to cover several areas or topics that are known to a few of them. The authors are compelled while covering the field of psychology to write about issues that they may not be thoroughly aware of. Also, at times, the authors may be under internal and external pressure to justify psychology as a formidable science subject to students at the level of introduction.As such, the hurdle and setbacks they face in the course of writing is majorly compounded by the fact that they are controversial topics in the scholarly field that are presented in terms that are ideological in nature.
The science of psychology
Nevertheless, in the science of psychology there has been a myriad of questions that have raised particularly regarding the inconsistencies in the data and claims in specific realms of knowledge. As a result, one of the major concerns in the field of psychology is that authors of introductory textbooks make mistakes undeliberatein nature by communicating unknowingly information to would be readers that is not correct factually. A further analysis and research done on twenty four top psychology textbooks on psychology uncovered puzzling results especially on the topics that were controversial. This is because the authors also fail to adequately demonstrate methodology and theoretical framework found in the field of psychology.Again, while covering the topics, factual accuracy was determined on a list of issues including; multiple intelligences, media violence, and the Mozart effect that were scientific legends in urban discourse.
Surprisingly, the end results of the analysis showcased a myriad of errors concerning how reporting was made in the textbooks of factual nature, which terribly failed to enlighten the students especially on the controversies pertaining to some areas of research study. Similarly, the students were not informed on the mistakes made while falsely repeating legends in the urban scientific discourse. Furthermore, according to Thomas, the false repetition of statements as factual was previously discredited elsewhere in the scientific literature with respect to errors of misquoting and elaborate interpretation. As a result of the errors, with some repeated in other textbooks, culminated into misrepresentation of the psychology field in core areas for students.Furthermore, with respect to counselling, and psychology, introductory textbooks are labelled as also inconsistent and unreliable. In the end, the other recommendations are put forth regarding how the authors can ensure that the textbooks are covered accurately. This is because, the introductory psychology textbooks in their very nature should be aimed at presenting accurate and precise information and therefore not used to propagate narratives that are in essence of conflict.
Strengths of the Study
The study utilized a variety of sources of information to collate and consolidate its findings. For one, the study utilized a number of introductory texts commonly used as samples in its current analysis. Also, at the time of the study, all the editions were current at the duration they were received.Further , the sample of twenty four books is a most likely representation of the entire population of the books that could be used in the analysis. Again, they were published by reputable publishers and therefore were top sellers.
Similarly, the rubric utilized in the coverage of issues adequately covered the seven controversial issues in psychology and the five scientific urban legends. As such, the rubric solely focused on the particular segments of research which were based on the acknowledgement on one side of the debate regarded as factual whether in reference to the controversial issue or the representation of urban legends as fact. Furthermore, the textbooks also provided an accurate examination and coverage of the debate which was quite fair, objective and elaborate and also,while covering the topic of scientific urban legends. Also, the two independent authors carrying out the review of the controversial issues and scientific urban legends were in concordance 93.2% of the duration of study, which was quite exhaustive and a good indicator with respect to the objectivity of the review process.
Limitations
The study also had its own weaknesses. Firstly, the study utilized a limited a small sample of instructors with the sample of books used in the study not being quite comprehensive as they solely focused on the top publishers books. Also, the textbooks only covered the debate peripherally with the focus on a singular facet of the debate with a clear advantage given more towards a particular side. Also, for the study of the urban legends, the textbook acknowledged that indeed there were some doubts in the authenticity of the subjectbut majorly leaned on the part of presentation as factual. Again, this was despite further studies that determined that urban legend as false.
Again, when the textbooks were further done for review by two different and independent authors, some of the sample textbooks failed to cover at least one of the twelve issues raised on urban legends and the controversial issues. This is because the two authors that carried out the review mostly agreed 100% of the time whether the issue was covered by the book or not.
Recommendations
The results of the study revealed that introductory textbooks did not accurately and fairly cover controversial topics with the required care and at times failed to cover it at all. Therefore, readers would be misinformed in the process unintentionally. Again, the results of study being consistent with indoctrination as most of the facts of study were presented towards the realm of generalization and being accorded higher priority than it actually was.As a result, for further research, should be carried out by scholars and other researchers that will inform the accuracy, robustness of undergraduate research and thereby reinforce and stabilize the reputation and credibility of the field of psychology.
Again, future research could focus on sampling adequately introductory instructors for psychology based on issues that they have belief that are well-covered in ways of bias in the introductory texts. As such, this will receive a wide representative sample with concern areas adequately covered by a greater number of psychology instructors.Secondly, future research could focus on areas of research that are truly definitive acting as true research blinding, that is asking raters of the research to examine areas of topic that could have potential bias in advance.
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