Difficulties in defining Ethnicity
Mueller observes that it is difficult to define ethnicity or claim that ethnic wars are specifically aligned with this concept. He notes that the groups that militants claim to fight for during ethnic clashes tend to be confused or indifferent about the need to conflicts. Claiming that ethnicity fuels the bitterness and hatred is a ploy to avoid external solutions. According to Mueller, most ethnic wars can be crushed by a small but equipped army.90 However, there have been only a handful of cases where an international army successfully stopped an ethnic war before it claimed mass casualties. Framing the central motivation as ethnic differences provides the opportunistic masterminds with the perfect deterrent against a third-party solution.
Mueller also notes that in most ethnic wars, ethnicity only matters in the initial stages of an escalation. In many cases, the militants tend to turn against their own communities once resources or other primary needs cannot be met through the subjugation of their ethnic rivals. For instance, in Sarajevo, Juka’s men that defended the city against the Serbs in 1992 turned against the residents after the Serbs retreated. They committed crimes against the residents without considering their ethnicity. They engaged in theft, extortion, abductions, and rape. Most of the city’s hardware stores were looted by the militants who were supposed to protect the civilians. In one venture, the militants stole 20,000 pairs of shoes just before monopolizing the black market. Soon, many of the city’s civilians relied on the ‘protection’ of the ethnic goons for safety and basic needs.
The author concludes that it is difficult to define ethnicity in the context of an ethnic war since it is only used as an ordering device. In both Rwanda and Yugoslavia, ethnicity was used as a characteristic with which politicians and perpetrators recruited and enticed civilians to assist them militarily. Mueller notes that ethnicity has rarely been used as a crucial motivating force to engage in ethnic cleansing.
The Banality of Ethnic Conflict
The author notes that most ethnic conflicts are banal since the sides that are supposedly at war tend to be indifferent or confused about the violence. Mueller demonstrates this point while studying the motivations that the Hutu and Tutsis had for engaging in the 1994 genocidal violence. He also examines the ethnic violence in former Yugoslavia. He observes that most ethnically-charged conflicts lack deep unsolvable complications. However, local leaders and insidious politicians inflame minor differences aiming to recruit young men into clashes.
Ethnicity regimes rely on path dependence as they seek institutional and policy-making power. Accordingly, some patterns of this phenomenon are evident in most regimes where authoritarianism was instituted either under nationalism or liberalism (). Twentieth century Germany and Soviet Union followed this path dependence despite having leaders that adopted antithetical political beliefs. Nazi Germany espoused ethnic purity of the Aryan race while the Soviet Union espoused the purity of communist politics. In both cases, millions of people were killed in cold blood since they were seen as impure for the national ideals of the state.
The banality of ethnic conflict refers to the lack of originality in the way that such conflicts arise. Mueller notes that most ethnic disagreements can be solved without the need to engage in violence. The banal nature of such conflicts suggests that they are predictable from one region to another. Moreover, there is no single defining characteristic of the ethnicities which engage in ethnic violence. Mueller notes that such violence can erupt anywhere in the world if the conditions are right.
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