concept of substance
Locke often presented things real essence or its internal constitution as a source or cause of its being the way it observably is. Locke tried to define the idea of substance at the very least and exposes the weakness in the term itself that is too wide.This view is what makes him come up with the name ‘substratum’ as the representation of quantities, which we usually term as ‘substance.’ This essay explains the concept of substance, as explained by Locke and the criticisms he faced from Berkeley.
Locke believed that all we get from the reflection of a substance are observable qualities. These qualities alone provide materials for all our other ideas. On the other hand, he remained committed to the traditional doctrine with visible conditions, not being independent elements of reality, and needs something else to inhere-in. Locke faces a dilemma in explaining the origin of our ideas of a particular object. In dealing with the idea, he comes to a theory of knowledge about its method, validity, and scope. The rocks that we perceive to be hard’ are qualities of that substance, i.e., roughness and hardness then he goes on to say that those qualities accustom us to suppose some substratum, of which they do subsist and from which they do result, which therefore we call substance(Newman, 2000)
Gorge Berkeley, who is against ‘materialism,’ mounts an attack on the notion of substance and substratum and seeks to disagree with Locke’s concept on substratum since he had a particular view about how qualities, whether primary or secondary are related to the things that have them.We commonly say that doors are rectangular; rocks are hard,oranges are spherical, and so on. The philosopher put the general point by saying that things have qualities and properties which belong to the matter in virtue of their relation to a component of the idea that itself is not identical with any property or with any collection of properties(Kubalica, 2012)
Berkeley argues that it’s just a word which Locke was using without the understanding behind it, just a meaningless word substance, substratum, and material substance. All these are words that do not have any meaning. Again can we describe what we want by the existence of objects in abstraction. From the fact that they are being perceived, still is it nothing but the very things we see, feel and hear, is it only the collection of ideas which make up the experience of perception that is more important.
Berkeley says that materialism promotes atheism and skepticism because materialism implies that our senses mislead us as to the natures of these material things which need not exist at all and atheism. After all, the material world could be expected to run without the assistance of God. This double charge motivates Berkeley in questioning materialism.
Locke’s view on substratum is probably one of the most challenging sections in large part because he is so obviously wrong on the topic. In several instances, Locke uses language that would suggest he does believe that substance does not exists that our idea on substratum refers to nothing, and therefore it isn’t very sensible.
References
Cooke, V. (1972). Locke, Berkeley, Hume. International Philosophical Quarterly, 12(4), 621-623. doi: 10.5840/ipq197212460
Das, S. (2014). Strategy – The Idea of an Idea of an Idea. Wilmott, 2014(73), 78-81. doi: 10.1002/wilm.10370
Kubica, T. (2012).John Locke and George Berkeley on the Problem of Cognition. Idea.StudiaNadStrukturą I RozwojemPojęćFilozoficznych, (24), 37-58. doi: 10.15290/idea.2012.24.03
Newman, L. (2000). Locke on the Idea of Substratum. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 81(3), 291-324. doi: 10.1111/1468-0114.00107
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