Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Part 1
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurological and developmental condition that begins in the early life of a child and lasts throughout the life of that child. The disease affects the social interaction and communication aspects of a child due to its nature of forming a repetitive pattern of thoughts and behavior (Lord,Elsabbagh, Baird, &Veenstra-Vanderweele,2018). Autism Spectrum Disorder has a negative impact on the nervous system.Up-to 2013, there were only five known types of autism disorders; Rett syndrome, Kanner’s syndrome, Asperger’s syndrome, Childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD), and Pervasive developmental disorder-Not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) (Lord et al., 2018). In a study done in 2013, the most severe out of the five was the autistic disorder. The least severe was Asperger’s syndrome and PDD-NOS.
Diagnosis of Autism spectrum disorder can be difficult because there are no medical tests for the same. Doctors often observe the child’s behavior and development to make a diagnosis. Doctorsconduct a screening to tell whether children are learning the necessary skills when they should. Developmental screening can be used to determine if a child is experiencing delays, which indicate that the child has autism. Doctors also conduct genetic testing, neurological testing, or any other medical testing that might tell if a child has autism (Hsiao, Mazmanian, Patterson, & McBride, 2019). The symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder vary significantly in different people, and that is why the disorder is called a “spectrum.” The most common ones are repetitive behavior, difficulty with social interactions, a problem with communication, avoiding eye contact, resistance to being touched, and obsessive interests (Sharon et al., 2019). Although there is no known cure for Autism Spectrum Disorder, early diagnosis and treatment can help improve the child’s development.
The causes of the condition are not very clear, but according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), both genetics and environmental conditions contribute immensely. Other risk factors of the condition include; low birth weight, exposure to heavy metals and toxins, being born to old parents, having an immediate family member with the condition, metabolic imbalances, and fragile X syndrome, among others. Studies have not found any relationship between the condition and vaccines.The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) is the commonly used method for ASD screening. The disorder is also diagnosed through behavioral evaluation and genetics tests.
Part 2
There are three most common treatment options for autism. They include; medication, nutrition, and therapies (Hsiao et al., 2019). Risperidone was the first drug to be approved by the food and drug administration (FDA) for the treatment of autism. The drug is strictly administered to children above the age of five. Children between the age of 6 and 17 are given Aripiprazole, which was approved by the FDA in 2009. Other drugs used for the treatment of autism include Haloperidol, Clozapine, and Sertraline. Children with autism are not required to take food with gluten and casein. Such children need to take a lot of bone-building foods. Therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy, occupational therapy, sensory integration therapy, and verbal, behavioral therapy help improve development in children. Different children respond differently to treatment services and, therefore, must be individualized.
ASD is the most prevalent developmental disorder in the United States. Its prevalence is more than childhood cancer, AIDS, and diabetes combined. Autism Spectrum disorder affects children from all walks of life without discriminating against race, religion, nationality, or sex. The condition is said to develop before the age of 3. The behavior of parents before, during, and after pregnancy cannot cause Autism Spectrum disorder. Every family of Autism Spectrum disorder patient spends an average of $60,000 annually. People with Autism are often creative and do things such as music, theatre, art, and dancing with ease. A report released by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), boys are at a higher risk of being affected than girls in the ration of 4:1 (Petrou, Parr, & McConachie, 2018).
In a study conducted by Agrawal, Rao, Bulsara, andPotole(2014), one in every sixty-eight children had Autism Spectrum Disorder. Studies have also observed that if one among the identical twins has autism, then the other will be affected by a probability between 36 and 95 percent. If one child has autism among non-identical twins, however, the probability that the other will be affected is 31 percent. Many people still believe that vaccines cause autism. In my opinion, this is not true, as the belief is not facts-based. Early interventions of autism can help improve brain development, learning, and communication. Applied behavior analysis (ABA) and therapies are the most effective interventions for autism. It is worth noting that job activity that encourages independence to reduce autism symptoms and help in increasing daily living skills. I can’t entirely agree with the argument that a third of all people with autism have epilepsy.
Part 3
Being the most prevalent developmental disorder in the US, parents should take responsibility and have their children examined in their early life. Early interventions can help improve a child’s development. It’s a fallacy to argue that childhood vaccinations cause autism. An average of $60, 000 is spent annually to cater for a patient with autism annually. Early diagnosis and treatment of autism can help reduce the considerable cost spent. One in every sixty-eight children has autism. Children born in families with autism disorder are at a higher risk of being affected. Campaigns should be done to sensitize parents on the importance of early diagnosis of autism.
In conclusion, although there is no known cure for Autism Spectrum Disorder, early diagnosis and treatment can help improve the child’s development. Autism is the most prevalent childhood developmental disorder in the United States. Its prevalence rate is more than childhood cancer, diabetes, and HIV combined.Diagnosis of Autism spectrum disorder can be difficult as it has no specific tests. Doctors often observe the behavior of children or perform screenings to help them know if children are experiencing delays in development. The most common symptoms of autism include repetitive behavior, difficulty with social interactions, difficulty with communication, avoiding eye contact, resistance to being touched, and obsessive interests.
Reports show that genetics and environmental factors are the leading causes of autism in children. The most common treatment options are medication, nutrition, and therapies. There are a number of misconceptions about the causes of autism. Childhood vaccines cause autism is one of them. The behavior of a mother before, during, and after pregnancy causes autism is another misconception. The risk factors of autism include; low birth weight, exposure to heavy metals and toxins, being born to old parents, metabolic imbalances, and fragile X syndrome. The parents have the responsibility of ensuring that their children are screened early enough. The government should also offer free screening programs to help treat as many children as possible.
References
Agrawal, S., Rao, S. C., Bulsara, M. K., &Potole, S. K. (2018). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in preterm infants: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 142(3), e20180134. doi:10.1542/peds.2018-0134
Hsiao, E., Mazmanian, S. K., Patterson, P. H., & McBride, S. (2019). U.S. Pattent No. 10, 220, 089. Washington, DC: U. S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Lord, C., Elsabbagh, M., Baird, G., &Veenstra-Vanderweele, J. (2018). Autism spectrum disorder. The Lancet, 392(10146), 508-520. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31129-2
Petrou, A. M., Parr, J. R., & McConachie, H. (2018). Gender differences in parent-reported age at diagnosis of children with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorder, 50, 32-42. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2018.02.003
Sharon, G., Cruz, N., J., Kang, D. W., Gandal, M. J., Wang, B., Kim, Y. M. … &Bramer, L. M. (2019). Human gut microbiota from autism spectrum disorder promote behavioral symptoms in mice. Cell, 177(6), 1600-1618. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.004
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