Threats to Internal Validity
Question 1
Threats to internal validity is a subject that encompasses specific events in life. There are three main threats to internal validity.
Maturation
Maturation is concerned about the body changes that occur as one grows. In the context of Internal validity, it involves more than what is just known. The changes are the independent variable is caused by a normal developmental process that operates within a subject as a function of time, and it is a threat to the one group design and two group design.
Statistical regression
An effect that results from the tendency for selected subjects due to their extreme performance so as to regress towards the mean on the upcoming tests(Heckles et al. p 254). It occurs in a scenario when the measurement of the dependent variable is not reliable; the chances of extreme scorers to move towards the mean. In this scenario, the amount of statistical regression is inversely related to the reliability of the test.
History
It is not a threat for two groups, the Experimental and the control, because the comparison is mainly between the comparison group and the treatment group. When history is considered a threat to the two groups, then the difference between the two groups is not because of the historic event.
How to Avoid statistical regression as a potential internal validity threat is by conducting double-blind studies, but the people in a controlled environment use computers to measure variables, and through this, the study power is increased, and the null effect is avoided.
Question 2
Design confounds
It is a threat to internal validity in experiments whereby the second variable systematically varies along with the independent variable, and this then is an alternative representation of the outcomes
Selection effects
This is a threat to internal validity that happens in an independent group that is in design when one of the participants in one level of the independent variable are different systematically from the participants in the other level.
Order effects
It is an internal validity threat that is within a group design whereby the exposure to conditions alters the responses of the participants to the incoming conditions.
Example of Confound design
When one is researching whether lack of body exercise leads to weight gain, The lack of exercise will be the independent variable while the weight gain is the dependent variable. Here both acts as independent variables and have hidden effects on the dependent variable, and this can lead to increased variance and introduce bias, thus can be solved through estimating the bias through the use of random samples, the introduction of control variables, and counterbalancing.
Work cited
Heckles, Dean, Brett R. Gordon, and Garrett A. Johnson. “Field studies of psychologically targeted ads face threats to internal validity.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115.23 (2018): E5254-E5255.
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